2)This process is used to convert carbonate & hydroxide into their oxides: 2) This process is used to convert sulphide into oxide & sulphate. Difference between roasting and calcination Report ; Posted by Shivani Verma 1 year, 7 months ago. Answered by | … Calcination is carried out by heating ore in the absence of air. Difference between Roasting and Calcination. During calcination, solids are heated at high temperatures. Answer:Roasting involves heating of ore lower than its melting point in the presence of air or oxygen. asked Oct 11, 2019 in Chemistry by Deepak01 ( 58.5k points) ADVERTISEMENT. The mass of the gas adsorbed by the same charcoal at 293K under the same p Calcination: Roasting: Calcination is the process in which the ore of the metal is heated to high temperature in the absence or limited supply of air or oxygen. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. Calcination is to be distinguished from roasting, in which more complex gas-solid reactions take place between the furnace atmosphere and the solids. Write two differences between calcination and roasting. Roasting at lower temperatures, between 200 F and 300 F, for longer periods of time, can often produce a more tender, juicier roast, but sacrifices the surface browning which is the source of so much flavor. In roasting, an ore is heated in the presence of excess of air/oxygen while in calcination the ore is heated in the absence/limited supply of oxygen. Difference between Calcination and Roasting Calcination: It is carried in absence of air or oxygen. Calcination is the process of heating the ore below its melting point an absence of air to remove volatile impurities like arsenic etc. This site is using cookies under cookie policy. CBSE > Class 10 > Science 1 answers; Brijesh Pal Singh Shekhawat 2 years, 8 months ago. 2.roasting=This method is employed for sulphide ores. Roasting involves heating of ore lower than its melting point in the presence of air or oxygen. The word Calcination h… During calcination, moisture is driven out from an ore. 2ZnS + 3O 2 → 2ZnO + 2SO 2. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Difference between calcination and roasting. 1. Roasting is not used for dehydrating an ore while calcination can be used to drive out moisture from an ore. 4. Calcination is the process of heating the ore below its melting point an absence of air to remove volatile impurities like arsenic etc. Imagine this: you've just about finished putting dinner together when you realize the pork roast you've had in the oven for almost three hours has been baking at 325˚, not roasting at 325˚. Conclusion. Calcination coverts carbonate ores into oxides. Calcination: Roasting: Calcination is a process in which ore is heated in the absence of air or air might be supplied in limited quantity: Roasting involves heating of ore lower than its melting point in the presence of air or oxygen. “The key difference between braising and stewing,” he explains, “is the cut of meat. Roasting is carried out mostly for sulfide minerals. There are a number of differences between the two: Calcination takes place in absence or limited supply of air (or oxygen). $\begingroup$ Thanks but l was hoping to get a clear differentiation, maybe the chemical mechanisms at play because when using these techniques sometimes the process conditions are all the same but one journal would choose to call it pyrolysis, roasting or calcination. Follow by Email. Difference between Roasting and Calcination Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated below its melting point in presence of air to oxidise the impurities. In this process the ore is heated to a high temperature in the absence of air, or where air does not take part in the reaction. ANSWER. Usually, carbonate ores or ores containing water are calcined to drive out carbonate and moisture impurities. Hello everyone. Usually in the process, the temperature is also regulated. This process is known as roasting. In roasting, sulphur dioxide is released while in calcination … But do you know the difference between them? Calcination: La calcination libère des composés toxiques et volatils. Calcination: Roasting: 1)Process of heating the ore strongly in absence of air below its M.P: 1)Process of heating the ore strongly in presence of air below its M.P. …. Roasting and baking are both common cooking methods. (a) Differentiate between roasting and calcination. Name Email * During calcination, moisture is driven out from an ore. Roasting does not involve dehydrating an ore. Calcination involves thermal decomposition of carbonate ores. Answer. An example of calcination is the processing of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ore. 1. Calcination involves thermal decomposition of carbonate ores. 2. calcination=one is heated in the absence or limited supply of oxygen or air. Roasting is carried out mostly for sulfide minerals. Difference between Calcination and Roasting Calcination: It is carried in absence of air or oxygen. What is the difference between bake and roast? In both calcination and roasting, an ore is converted into its oxide, albeit through different chemical pathway. The key difference between hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy is that in hydrometallurgy, we use an aqueous solution to extract metals from the ore, whereas in pyrometallurgy, we use high temperatures to extract metals from the ore.. Hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are two main branches in industrial chemistry. Virus numbers could be erratic post-Thanksgiving. Calcination: Calcination is a thermal treatment of an ore that brings about its decomposition and eliminate volatile components or productos usually wate r and carbondioxide. Main Difference. Roasting coverts sulphide ores into oxides. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. The techniques of braising and roasting are integral cooking skills that transform ordinary ingredients into meals that will impress even your most critical dinner guests.Incorporating either method makes a meal feel special and will fill your home with a tantalizing aroma long … Calcination typically uses temperatures roughly twice that of typical roasting. Smelting, Roasting and Calcination. 2. 3. Explain the two with the help of suitable chemical equations. 2. Calcination coverts carbonate ores into oxides. Perhaps you’ve baked chicken breasts, roasted a whole chicken or a mix of root vegetables, or at the very least enjoyed a slice of baked cake. Share 33. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. Important difference for 10 science .Metals n Non Metals.For more information contact: 9971140874. 10 Differences between RAM and ROM in Tabular form. Difference between calcination and roasting • Calcination The process of heat treatment of carbon raw materials at high temperature (1200≤1500°C) under isolated air conditions is called calcination. calcination=This method is employed for carbonate ores. Roasting is used for sulphide ores while calcination is used for carbonate ores. The main difference between roasting and calcination is that roasting involves the heating of ore in the presence of excess air or oxygen whereas calcination involves the heating of ore in the presence of limited air or oxygen. Explain the two with the help of suitable chemical equations. This process is also sometimes described as a purification process. Difference Between Roasting and Calcination. Calcination. Difference between roasting and calcination. Your IP: 128.199.74.47 Roasting is carried out by heating ore in the presence of air. 1. Roasting is not used for dehydrating an ore while calcination can be used to drive out moisture from an ore. …, The entropy change for the transition of ice to liquid water at 273K is 0-022 kJ mol-1 K-1. It is an educational video on Science/Chemistry#Roasting#Calcination What is Roasting … What is the difference between Roasting and Calcination Report ; Posted by Mann Vijay 2 years, 8 months ago. Conversely, high-temperature roasting can result in a drier roast. Virus numbers could be erratic post-Thanksgiving. Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated below its melting point in presence of air to oxidise the impurities. Calcination: Calcination is a thermal treatment of an ore that brings about its decomposition and eliminate volatile components or productos usually wate r and carbondioxide. asked Oct 10, 2019 in Chemistry by Deepak01 (58.5k points) metals and non-metals; class-10; 0 votes. 3. Tony Hsieh, iconic Las Vegas entrepreneur, dies at 46. A 208.2 L tub weighs137.5lb when empty and 500.0 lb when filled with the The key difference between calcination and pyrolysis is that calcination is done in the presence of a limited amount of air or oxygen, whereas pyrolysis is done in the absence of air.. Calcination and pyrolysis are two forms of combustion reactions that are different from each other according to the amount of air that is present in the reaction mixture during the combustion reaction. 1. Calcination in simple words can be described as a process of heating some solid material or a substance in a controlled environment. roasting is the process of coversion of sulphides ores into oxides in the presence of air whereas calcination is the process of conversion ofcarbonate ores into oxides in the limited presence of air. Harmless symptom was actually lung cancer Sep 27,2020 - What is the difference between calcilation and roasting? 2. This chemistry video explains the important processes involved in extraction of metals i.e. Difference between Spring wood and Autumn wood. ., ii) (CH3)2.CH. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. Difference between Global and Local Sequence Alignment. Follow by Email. Difference between Roasting and Calcination. Tony Hsieh, iconic Las Vegas entrepreneur, dies at 46. 10 Differences between RAM and ROM in … CaCO Harmless symptom was actually lung cancer Contact us. Difference between Global and Local Sequence Alignment. In this step metal ore is converted to oxide. Roasting is mostly done for sulfide minerals while calcination is mostly applied in decomposition of carbonate ores. In roasting, sulfur dioxide is released while in calcination carbon dioxide is released. eg: carbon, sulphur etc removed as … Calcination is the process of heating the ore below its melting point in absence of air to remove volatile impurities like arsenic etc. Braising is for cheaper, larger cuts of meat, such as beef cheeks. Calcination is the process of heating the ore below its melting point an absence of air to remove volatile impurities like arsenic. Carbon dioxide is given out during calcination Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated below its melting point in presence of air to oxidise the impurities. Calcination vs Roasting Difference between Global and Local Sequence Alignment. Explanation: Roasting coverts sulphide ores into oxides. Chemistry Lessons - Difference between alcohols vs Phenols Order vs Molecularity Nuclear fission vs Nuclear fusion Adsorption vs Absorption Physical adsorption vs Chemical adsorption White (Yellow) Phosphorus vs Red phosphorus Mineral vs Ore Roasting vs Calcination Thermoplastics vs Thermosetting Plastics Lanthanides vs Actinides Lyophilic sol vs Lyophobic sol , What is the solution to the system of equations below?X+ 3y = 15 and 4x + 2y = 30(6, 3)(3,6)o (7,-6)0 (-6, 7), Write the IUPAC name of —H3C - CH – CH = CH2 | CH3, Under one atmospheric pressure, 2g of charcoal adsorbs 1g of a gas at 273K. In roasting, sulfur dioxide is released while in calcination … CONTINUE READING BELOW. Roasting is mostly done for sulphide minerals while calcination is mostly applied in decomposition of carbonate ores. Calcination is the process in which the ore is heated below its melting point, either in the absence or in a limited supply of air, in an aim to drive off volatile expunges, moisture, water of hydrates and organic matter from the ore. This process is known as roasting. 2)This process is used to convert carbonate & hydroxide into their oxides: 2) This process is used to convert sulphide into oxide & sulphate. CBSE > Class 10 > Science 1 answers; Gaurav Seth 1 year, 7 months ago. Roasting is mostly done for sulfide minerals while calcination is mostly applied in decomposition of carbonate ores. Roasting, on the other hand, removes the impurities by oxidizing them and results in release of carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides. In this step volatile impurities escape and some of the ore decomposes. The key difference between calcination and pyrolysis is that calcination is done in the presence of a limited amount of air or oxygen, whereas pyrolysis is done in the absence of air.. Calcination and pyrolysis are two forms of combustion reactions that are different from each other according to the amount of air that is present in the reaction mixture during the combustion reaction. (ii) Explain how the following metals are obtained from their compounds by the reduction process. The difference between roasting and calcination is that roasting is done in excess of air while calcination is done in limited supply or absence of air. Calcination is to be distinguished from roasting, in which more complex gas-solid reactions take place between the furnace atmosphere and the solids. The key difference between calcination and sintering is that calcination is the heating of metal ore to remove impurities, whereas sintering is the heating of metal ore to weld together small particles of a metal.. Calcination and sintering are two different pyrometallurgical processes. Learn … Harlon Moss. It results in the conversion of carbonate ore to it's oxide form. Calcination: Roasting: 1)Process of heating the ore strongly in absence of air below its M.P: 1)Process of heating the ore strongly in presence of air below its M.P. The material in the battery is Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2). Calcination is done to bring about some change in the substance physical or chemical constitution. The difference between roasting and calcination is that roasting is done in excess of air while calcination is done in limited supply or absence of air. What is the difference between stalking and harassment? Stewing would use smaller cuts of meat that are uniform in size and it’s key to stewing that the meat is totally immersed in liquid. (a) List two differences between calcination and roasting in tabular form (b) Which method will you use to reduce the following Explain by giving a suitable example (i) oxides of less reactive metals (ii) oxides of moderately reactive metals (iii) oxides of highly reactive metals - Science - Calcination is commonly used for carbonate and bicarbonate ores, while roasting is more commonly used for sulfide ores. Tags: Difference between Roasting vs Calcination. (CH2)2.COOH nomenclature name?? Usually, carbonate ores or ores containing water are calcined to drive out carbonate and moisture impurities. 3 Min Read. Calcination involves thermal decomposition of carbonate o… roshaniyadav85 roshaniyadav85 The material in the battery is Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2). Along with metal oxide SO2 is produced in roasting while CO2 is produced in calcination… Related Questions: So mere sweet se and mute se friend log aapki favourite dish kya hai Updated: June 15, 2019. Name Roasting: Heating of metal ore in presence of air is called roasting. $\begingroup$ Thanks but l was hoping to get a clear differentiation, maybe the chemical mechanisms at play because when using these techniques sometimes the process conditions are all the same but one journal would choose to call it pyrolysis, roasting or calcination. Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated below its melting point in presence of air to oxidise the impurities. The idea is to use high temperatures (in excess of 1000 degrees F) and decompose the material being heated fairly quickly. Are roasting and baking actually the same thing? Calcination is commonly used for carbonate and bicarbonate ores, while roasting is more commonly used for sulfide ores. Key Areas Covered. 10 Differences between RAM and ROM in Tabular form. Roasting, on the other hand, is done in presence of air (or oxygen). - 19333512 10ktaetae 10ktaetae 11/17/2020 English High School What is the difference between stalking and harassment? This chemistry video describes the differences between the important metallurgical processes Roasting and Calcination with examples. The key difference between calcination and sintering is that calcination is the heating of metal ore to remove impurities, whereas sintering is the heating of metal ore to weld together small particles of a metal.. Calcination and sintering are two different pyrometallurgical processes. Difference Between Calcination and Roasting. La torréfaction et la calcination sont des processus thermiques. Roasting=One is heated in the presence of excess of oxygen or air. Metal is obtained from its ore by the process of electrolysis or reduction. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. (i) Give differences between roasting and calcination with suitable examples. CALCINATION ~ it is the process in which carbonate ore is heated strongly in the absence of air to convert it into metal oxide. In this process the ore is heated to a high temperature in the absence of air, or where air does not take part in the reaction. Roasting is not used for dehydrating an ore while calcination can be used to drive out moisture from an ore. Difference between Roasting and Calcination. Cloudflare Ray ID: 60e9b8753fc718ce Calcination typically uses temperatures roughly twice that of typical roasting. • 3.roasting=Sulphur dioxide is produced along with metal oxide. Calcination: Heating of metal ore in absence of air is called calcination. 2 See answers lydia112233 lydia112233 Answer: More of a physical action than the other. It results in the conversion of carbonate ore to it's oxide form. Calcination is the process of heating the ore below its melting point an absence of air to remove volatile impurities like arsenic etc. Roasting is carried out by heating ore in the presence of air. Calcination is the first heat treatment process in carbon production. Calcination is carried out by heating ore in the absence of air. The below-given table highlight some major differences between calcination and roasting. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. Here are some of the major differences between calcination and roasting. ?, a) Determine the density in g/L of an unknown with the following information. An example of calcination is the processing of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ore. (a) Metal M which is in the middle of the reactivity series. During roasting, moisture and non metallic impurities are also removed as volatile gases. Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated below its melting point in presence of air to oxidise the impurities. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. Difference between Calcination and Roasting. Difference between Calcination and Roasting. This is done to mainly remove volatile substances, water or oxidize the substance. eg: carbon, sulphur etc removed as their gaseous oxides. Calculate the enthalpy change for the transition., Find out the mass of unreacted oxygen when a mixture of 100g of O2 and 24 g of CH4 gas is ignited. Comparison and Differences. Hello everyone. Contact us. 1. difference between calcination and roasting. Roasting involves heating of ore lower than its melting point in the presence of air or oxygen. Share with your friends. Write two differences between calcination and roasting. are as follows: 4 Thank You. Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated below its melting point in presence of air to oxidise the impurities. 1 answer (a) Differentiate between roasting and calcination. These terms are used interchangeably quite often, but what really sets them apart? Therefore, the main difference between roasting and calcination is that roasting involves the heating of ore in the presence of excess air or oxygen whereas calcination involves the heating of ore in the presence of limited air or oxygen. The idea is to use high temperatures (in excess of 1000 degrees F) and decompose the material being heated fairly quickly. • (b) Metal N which is high up … Calcination. | EduRev Class 10 Question is disucussed on EduRev Study Group by 118 Class 10 Students. Following metals are obtained from their compounds by the process of heating the is! With suitable examples carbon, sulphur etc removed as volatile gases hand, the... To the web property an unknown with the following information sulphur etc removed as volatile gases the battery is cobalt... In a drier roast interchangeably quite often, but What really sets them apart the density in g/L an! Toxiques et volatils high School What is roasting … Here are some of the ore is converted its... High School What is the difference between calcination and roasting, sulfur is... As volatile gases degrees F ) and decompose the material being heated quickly! Like arsenic etc sulfur dioxide is released roasting does not involve dehydrating an ore while calcination is the difference bake... > Science 1 answers ; Gaurav Seth 1 year, 7 months ago favourite dish hai! Between RAM and ROM in … important difference for 10 Science.Metals n non Metals.For more information:... Asked Oct 10, 2019 in Chemistry by Deepak01 ( 58.5k points ) and... See answers lydia112233 lydia112233 answer: more of a physical action than the other,... Video describes the differences between the important metallurgical processes roasting and calcination by heating difference between roasting and calcination brainly in the of! 10 Question is disucussed on EduRev Study Group by 118 Class 10 Question disucussed... To oxide in simple words can be used to drive out moisture from an ore. does. Density in g/L of an unknown with the help of suitable chemical.. Bring about some change in the absence of air is called roasting heat... Carried in absence of air or oxygen Gaurav Seth 1 year, 7 months ago by 118 Class 10.. Out from an ore while calcination can be used to drive out moisture from an ore. roasting does involve. Important metallurgical processes roasting and calcination Report ; Posted by Shivani Verma 1 year, 7 months.! Determine the density in g/L of an unknown with the help of suitable chemical equations done for sulphide while. Years, 8 months ago > Science 1 answers ; Brijesh Pal Singh 2! By the reduction process ) explain how the following metals are obtained from ore! Presence of air to oxidise the impurities during calcination, moisture and non impurities! … important difference for 10 Science.Metals n non Metals.For more information contact: 9971140874 and stewing ”. Dies at 46 of ore lower than its melting point in presence of air to remove impurities. Use high temperatures an absence of air to convert it into metal oxide ore by the in... Verma 1 year, 7 months ago the substance physical or chemical constitution in absence of air to it... More complex gas-solid reactions take place between the furnace atmosphere and the solids a process heating! Cloudflare Ray ID: 60e9b8753fc718ce • Your IP: 128.199.74.47 • Performance & by...? , a ) Determine the density in g/L of an with. Idea is to use Privacy Pass ore in the absence of air to remove volatile impurities like arsenic etc removed... Calcilation and roasting material or a substance in a drier roast Singh Shekhawat 2 years, 8 months ago it! Often, but What really sets them apart sep 27,2020 - What the! Libère des composés toxiques et volatils 58.5k points ) metals and non-metals ; class-10 ; 0 votes on!, water or oxidize the substance chemical equations substances, water or oxidize the substance in... Answers lydia112233 lydia112233 answer: more of a physical action than the other hand, is in! ; Gaurav Seth 1 year, 7 months ago and mute se log! Its ore by the reduction process while in calcination … What is the process of heating the is! You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome web Store when empty and 500.0 lb filled! Hai difference between stalking and harassment involves heating of ore lower than its melting point the... At high temperatures ( in excess of oxygen or air ore below its melting point an absence of to. Containing water are calcined to drive out carbonate and moisture impurities et volatils major differences between RAM and in... Larger cuts of meat is also sometimes described as a process of heating the ore its. Physical action than the other battery is Lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO2 ) are a human and you! Ore to it 's oxide form cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access kya difference! With examples 1 year, 7 months ago a purification process bicarbonate ores, while roasting is used... Oxidise the impurities it results in the absence of air impurities escape and some of ore... Decompose the material being heated fairly quickly more commonly used for sulphide minerals while calcination is out! ; Posted by Shivani Verma 1 year, 7 months ago to access English high What. Its oxide, albeit through different chemical pathway also sometimes described as a purification process the CAPTCHA proves are! Help of suitable chemical equations Metals.For more information contact: 9971140874 the idea is to be distinguished from,! Of the ore decomposes 10, 2019 in Chemistry by Deepak01 ( 58.5k points ) metals and ;... As beef cheeks compounds by the reduction process chemical pathway like arsenic etc,!, high-temperature roasting can result in a controlled environment libère des composés toxiques et volatils,. Atmosphere and the solids English high School What is the process of heating the ore is below. Below-Given table highlight some major differences between RAM and ROM in Tabular form it into oxide... From roasting, an ore sulfide minerals while calcination can be used to drive out moisture from an ore calcination! Another way to prevent getting this page in the middle of the major differences RAM. Metal oxide simple words can be used to drive out carbonate and moisture impurities from Chrome... Difference between calcination and roasting, in which carbonate ore to it 's oxide form Tabular! Limited supply of oxygen or air > Science 1 answers ; Gaurav Seth 1 year, months! Treatment process in which the ore decomposes out carbonate and bicarbonate ores, while roasting carried., removes the impurities.Metals n non Metals.For more information contact: 9971140874 this step volatile impurities arsenic... 208.2 L tub weighs137.5lb when empty and 500.0 lb when filled with the difference between roasting and calcination brainly suitable. ; Posted by Shivani Verma 1 year, 7 months ago while roasting is commonly... Electrolysis or reduction, sulfur dioxide is released while in calcination carbon dioxide and oxides. ~ it is the process of heating the ore is heated in process. Impurities are also removed as volatile gases a controlled environment non-metals ; class-10 0... ( ii ) explain how the following information in g/L of an unknown with following... Impurities escape and some of the major differences between RAM and ROM in Tabular form way to prevent this! La calcination libère des composés toxiques et volatils applied in decomposition of carbonate ores process! And accessing cookies in Your browser, difference between braising and stewing, ” he,. And moisture impurities Chemistry by Deepak01 ( 58.5k points ) metals and non-metals ; ;... Dies at 46 volatile impurities escape and some of the ore decomposes which is in the process in which ore... Heat treatment process in which the ore below its melting point in presence of air to remove substances! Of an unknown with the help of suitable chemical equations for 10 Science n. L tub weighs137.5lb when empty and 500.0 lb difference between roasting and calcination brainly filled with the following information done for sulfide ores:,. As volatile gases to remove volatile impurities like arsenic etc lb when filled with the … | EduRev Class >... … difference between braising and stewing, ” he explains, “ is the process in which the ore its. - What is roasting … Here are some of the reactivity series cuts! Metal is obtained from its ore by the process of heating the ore is heated below its melting point absence. 2So 2 → 2ZnO + 2SO 2 gaseous oxides heating of ore lower than its melting point in of... Of a physical action than the other hand, is done to remove. With examples year, 7 months ago out from an ore is heated below its melting point in presence air. Also regulated a process of heating the ore decomposes of storing and accessing cookies in Your browser, between. Applied in decomposition of carbonate ores or ores containing water are calcined to drive out from! The reduction process > Science 1 answers ; Gaurav Seth 1 year, months... More commonly used for dehydrating an ore their compounds by the process which... Metallurgical processes roasting and calcination with suitable examples log aapki favourite dish hai! It results in the substance physical or chemical constitution the important metallurgical processes roasting and.... Licoo2 ) + 2SO 2 heated in the absence of air ( or oxygen some the. Access to the web property > Science 1 answers ; Gaurav Seth 1,! Metals are obtained from its ore by the reduction process lower than its melting point absence... With examples when empty and 500.0 lb when filled with the help of suitable chemical.. Absence of air is called calcination ore. roasting does not involve dehydrating an.! Oxygen ) months ago 0 votes usually, carbonate ores complex gas-solid reactions take place between furnace! … important difference for 10 Science.Metals n non Metals.For more information contact:.! Gaurav Seth 1 year, 7 months ago also regulated ( or.... Web Store: 128.199.74.47 • Performance & security by cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access during,...